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La Chambre des Lords constitue la Chambre haute du Parlement britannique. Elle est historiquement composée de trois « catégories ». On distingue les pairs à vie, nommés par la Reine sous le titre de baron ou baronne qui peuvent siéger à vie. Puis, on note la présence de pairs héréditaires qui...
Le régime britannique n’a pas toujours revêtu sa forme parlementaire actuelle, quasiment inchangée depuis le XVIIIe siècle. Le roi se vit déposséder de ses privilèges, se vit ensuite peu à peu ôter sa souveraineté au profit du Grand Conseil, scindé dorénavant en deux chambres, l‘une...
Afin d‘administrer leur royaume et de rendre la justice, les rois d’Angleterre s’entourèrent d’un Grand Conseil, appelé Curia Regis et composé de nobles et d’évêques, qui prendra le nom de Chambre des Lords au XIVème siècle. Son autorité législative va aller en...
How is the power shared in the main European decision making institutions and how will it change with the near enlargement and the ratification of new institutional treaties? This paper analyzes the distribution of power in the European Commission, the Council of Ministers and the European...
One of the key characteristics of British Constitution is the dominance of the Parliament. The Parliament is the main legislative body in British Constitution. It is bicameral; and is composed of two chambers, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The main functions of the...
The article 251 of the European Community and the article 189 b of the European Treaty are the landmarks in European history, as they settled the co decision procedure and therefore put forward the European parliament. The European Parliament used to be the poor parent of the...
In the United Kingdom, where there is no written Constitution, the section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998 has given the courts the prerogative to read and give effect to statutes “in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights ”. If it cannot be done so, the section 4(2)...
Article 230 of the Treaty of European Community is the principal Treaty which can challenge community norms. Four conditions have to be satisfied in order to allow this mechanism. First of all, the act has to be quoted by the article, secondly the institution or person who challenges the...
According to the European Court of Justice, the ability to review the legality of Community Acts is a part of "the complete system of legal remedies and procedures designed to permit the Court of Justice to review the legality of measures adopted by the institutions". Following article...
On May 18th, 1998, the US Justice Department of Justice alleged Microsoft Corporation had abused monopoly power by bundling together its web browser (Internet explorer) with the Windows operating system. According to the Department of Justice, Microsoft used its market power in the operating...
Wales remained a separate entity from England until the 16th century. Wales is composed of a number of principalities (principautés) with distinct characteristics. Those differences resulted in various conflicts until the middle Ages. Fortunately, in 1536, the Act of Union integrated...
The judicial decisions are the first to be found to develop a system. Today, they are still influencing the system as a whole. Judicial decisions have a weight that their continental counter part does not have. In England, under certain requirements, decisions are biding the judge with the...
Aujourd’hui, la Chambre des Communes, en anglais House of Commons, est la chambre basse du parlement britannique, composé aussi de la Chambre des Lords. Elle se situe dans le palais de Westminster. La Chambre des communes est la principales chambre du Parlement britannique, les Lords ne...
‘Ultimately the impact of EU rules depends on the willingness and capacity of Member States authorities to ensure that they are transposed and enforced effectively and fully and on time’ (Graver) . This statement from the European Commission in its White Paper on Governance deals with...
« Si une seconde chambre n’est pas d’accord avec la première, elle est malveillante; si elle est d’accord, elle est superflue. » (Abbé Sieyes, cité dans S.D. Bailey, The Future of the House of Lords). Vieille de près de sept cents ans, la chambre des Lords du système britannique...
« Considérant qu'il apparaît nécessaire de définir par la loi les relations entre les deux Assemblées du Parlement, considérant qu'il est désirable de substituer à la Chambre des Lords telle qu'elle existe actuellement une seconde Chambre issue de la volonté populaire au lieu de l'hérédité... »...
La constitution est un élément inhérent à l’existence d’une société politique. Elle précise les dispositions les formes et les rapports ayant trait au pouvoir ; que ce soit la hiérarchisation des différentes institutions politiques du pays où la supervision du rapport entre gouvernants...
Le régime parlementaire est né en Grande-Bretagne en 1782, et a été très vite considéré comme un modèle. Pour preuve, il s’est étendu par la suite en France sous la Restauration et la monarchie de Juillet, et dans de nombreux états d’Europe ou du Commonwealth. Les règles du régime...
Quand on parle du Royaume-Uni, on parle en réalité de l'Angleterre, de l'Écosse, du Pays de Galle et de l'Irlande du Nord. Il s'agit alors d'une organisation étatique particulière, elle-même permise par ce que l'on appelle les devolution acts, de 1998. Ces acts permettent de...
Today, the majority of states have written constitutions. It is generally seen as a prerequisite for any new state. They arise due to political events, such as the one formulated in 1793 consequent to the French Revolution. In a state with a written constitution, that one document is the supreme...
Egalement, il s'agit d'une méthodologie différente et une logique différente. La logique juridique est distincte du système français.Du point de vue extérieur, le droit français est divisé en deux parties : droit public et droit privé, droit commun et droit d'exception, droit général et droit...
La déconcentrationLa déconcentration est un système d'organisation administrative dans lequel l'Etat délèguedes compétences à des autorités le représentant dans le cadre de circonscriptions administratives. Comme le disait Odilon Barrot : « dans le cadre de la déconcentration c'est toujours le...
L'Etat moderne, dont les prémices peuvent être observées en Occident dès le 13ème, est l'aboutissement d'un processus lent de formation en Europe au sortir de la féodalité. L'Etat naît ainsi à la faveur de transformations sociales (décomposition de la féodalité), économiques (développement des...
As any national parliament, the European Parliament's role is mainly a legislative one even if, as opposed to national assemblies, it does not possess the exclusivity of the power to establish and vote the law. The development of the power of the Parliament belongs to a logic of...
The President of India is the head of State as the first citizen of India, and has therefore an important role to play in the political system. He has special duties and powers, which give him importance in the Indian political life. This function first appeared with the Indian Constitution that...
Assessing the power of the institutions of the European Union is not an easy task. The European Union is such a particular and unique international organization that understanding it means involves studying the many different levels that composed it simultaneously. Thus, to tackle the question...
The European Union's political role has been a big issue among the main theoriticians of the European Union. The place of the European Parliament and the Commission in the process toward political unity is obvious. The Commission, as the institution which has the power for an initiative,...
The rule of law is often expounded as a pillar of the English Constitution. It was described by Lord Bingham as "the second great rock on which [Dicey?s] constitutional edifice was founded". It was referred to as a statute for the first time, in the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, as an...
As a former member of the British Empire, Canada has been widely influenced by certain aspects of the English law. The Canadian parliamentary system finds its origins in the British institutions that were settled after the conquest of 1760 and more particularly with the 1791 constitutional...
The objective of the European Union is to protect the health, safety and the economic well-being of its citizens. In this regard, it is the responsibility of the EU to promote the right to information, help in safeguarding the interests and encourage the member states to set up consumer...
